Water:
Introduction, impurities in natural water, water quality parameters total solids, acidity, alkalinity, chlorides, and dissolved oxygen (definition, causes, significance), hardness of water types of hardness, units of hardness, ill effects of hard water in steam generation in boilers (scale & sludge formation), numericals on hardness, treatment of hard water (ion exchange and reverse osmosis).
- Teacher: FYFHeena Sanghani